Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 41 Researches
7.7
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 6 Reviews
7.5
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Soft Gels
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
10
Total Fat
1 g
1%
Saturated Fat
0 g
0%
Trans Fat
0 g
†
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
67%
Total Omega-3s♦
830 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
205 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
480 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We explored how Vitamin D3 impacts autoimmune thyroiditis, a specific autoimmune disorder. In this study, researchers established a mouse model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) to see how Vitamin D3 could influence this condition. After eight weeks of treatment, they assessed thyroid health and immune response through various methods, including staining tissues and measuring hormone levels.
Our observations revealed that administering Vitamin D3 helped reduce damage to the thyroid and decreased the presence of inflammatory cells within the thyroid. This treatment also led to lower levels of thyroid hormones and autoimmune antibodies in the blood, highlighting its positive effect on thyroid function. Additionally, Vitamin D3 appeared to promote the regulatory T cell (Treg) subset while decreasing the levels of Th17 cells, which are often involved in autoimmune processes.
Mechanistically, the study found that Vitamin D3 triggered specific pathways that influence Treg cell activity and survival. Notably, it activated a signaling pathway involving YAP and JAK/STAT, which are crucial for immune cell regulation. These findings suggest that Vitamin D3 could play a significant role in balancing immune responses in autoimmune thyroiditis, making it a promising candidate for further research and potential treatment strategies.
Our observations revealed that administering Vitamin D3 helped reduce damage to the thyroid and decreased the presence of inflammatory cells within the thyroid. This treatment also led to lower levels of thyroid hormones and autoimmune antibodies in the blood, highlighting its positive effect on thyroid function. Additionally, Vitamin D3 appeared to promote the regulatory T cell (Treg) subset while decreasing the levels of Th17 cells, which are often involved in autoimmune processes.
Mechanistically, the study found that Vitamin D3 triggered specific pathways that influence Treg cell activity and survival. Notably, it activated a signaling pathway involving YAP and JAK/STAT, which are crucial for immune cell regulation. These findings suggest that Vitamin D3 could play a significant role in balancing immune responses in autoimmune thyroiditis, making it a promising candidate for further research and potential treatment strategies.
Read More
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to explore the effects of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils on inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). During the study, we treated MS patients with these nanoliposomes enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid known for its potential health benefits.
After the treatment, we observed significant improvements in various markers of inflammation. Notably, the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids increased, while the level of matrix metallopeptidase-9, an enzyme linked to inflammation, decreased. This shift indicates a favorable response in how the patients’ bodies were managing inflammation.
Moreover, we noted a Th2-biased response in cytokine levels, which typically suggests a less inflammatory environment. The results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of relapses, lower disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients treated with the nanoliposomes. Overall, our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid treatment may offer promising benefits for managing inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis.
After the treatment, we observed significant improvements in various markers of inflammation. Notably, the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids increased, while the level of matrix metallopeptidase-9, an enzyme linked to inflammation, decreased. This shift indicates a favorable response in how the patients’ bodies were managing inflammation.
Moreover, we noted a Th2-biased response in cytokine levels, which typically suggests a less inflammatory environment. The results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of relapses, lower disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients treated with the nanoliposomes. Overall, our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid treatment may offer promising benefits for managing inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis.
Read More
9
Vitamin D3 mitigates autoimmune thyroiditis
Our research aimed to understand how vitamin D3 affects autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly in the context of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is characterized by low levels of vitamin D3 in patients. We induced a model of autoimmune thyroiditis in female mice and treated them with vitamin D3 to see if it could alleviate the symptoms of this condition.
After 8 weeks of treatment, we observed that vitamin D3 significantly improved the condition of the thyroid in these mice. The inflammation that commonly accompanies autoimmune thyroiditis decreased, and levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which indicate the severity of the disorder, also dropped. Notably, the application of vitamin D3 inhibited the activity of harmful immune cells while promoting the function of protective cells, providing a better balance in the immune response.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a promising strategy to manage autoimmune thyroiditis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation. This not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens up potential avenues for treatment in humans facing similar issues with autoimmune disorders.
After 8 weeks of treatment, we observed that vitamin D3 significantly improved the condition of the thyroid in these mice. The inflammation that commonly accompanies autoimmune thyroiditis decreased, and levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which indicate the severity of the disorder, also dropped. Notably, the application of vitamin D3 inhibited the activity of harmful immune cells while promoting the function of protective cells, providing a better balance in the immune response.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a promising strategy to manage autoimmune thyroiditis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation. This not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens up potential avenues for treatment in humans facing similar issues with autoimmune disorders.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Positive impact
15 people found this helpful
Good way to promote brain and eye health! I took two capsules daily during pregnancy and breastfeeding for adequate DHA for my baby. This supplement is recommended to decrease issues like allergies, eczema, and attention deficit disorders in children. I highly recommend this product.
Read More
9
Positive effect
7 people found this helpful
I ordered omega after positive reviews. It alleviated my lower abdomen pain and reduced tone during pregnancy. Omega develops the baby’s brain and has a positive effect on the fetus. I'm pleased the tight feeling in my skin has gone. I will continue taking omega.
Read More
2
Disappointing results
I have been taking these vitamins for four weeks with no effect. My hair is falling out, my skin hasn’t improved, and I feel no surge of vitality. I regret ordering such an ineffective product.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 41 Researches
7.7
- All Researches
9
Vitamin D3 mitigates autoimmune thyroiditis
Our research aimed to understand how vitamin D3 affects autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly in the context of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is characterized by low levels of vitamin D3 in patients. We induced a model of autoimmune thyroiditis in female mice and treated them with vitamin D3 to see if it could alleviate the symptoms of this condition.
After 8 weeks of treatment, we observed that vitamin D3 significantly improved the condition of the thyroid in these mice. The inflammation that commonly accompanies autoimmune thyroiditis decreased, and levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which indicate the severity of the disorder, also dropped. Notably, the application of vitamin D3 inhibited the activity of harmful immune cells while promoting the function of protective cells, providing a better balance in the immune response.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a promising strategy to manage autoimmune thyroiditis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation. This not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens up potential avenues for treatment in humans facing similar issues with autoimmune disorders.
After 8 weeks of treatment, we observed that vitamin D3 significantly improved the condition of the thyroid in these mice. The inflammation that commonly accompanies autoimmune thyroiditis decreased, and levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which indicate the severity of the disorder, also dropped. Notably, the application of vitamin D3 inhibited the activity of harmful immune cells while promoting the function of protective cells, providing a better balance in the immune response.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a promising strategy to manage autoimmune thyroiditis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation. This not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens up potential avenues for treatment in humans facing similar issues with autoimmune disorders.
Read More
9
We explored an intriguing instance of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) manifesting as Mikulicz syndrome in an 85-year-old male patient. This condition usually involves significant systemic symptoms, yet our patient exhibited primarily local manifestations, specifically bilateral dacryoadenitis and orbital pseudotumor, without major organ complications.
Interestingly, despite normal serum IgG4 levels, which were below 135 mg/dL, the clinical and imaging findings strongly suggested the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. This scenario underscores the importance of undertaking a biopsy for accurate diagnosis. Histopathological examination revealed notable signs, such as a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and storiform fibrosis, with a considerable percentage of IgG4-positive cells, ultimately confirming our diagnosis.
We observed that treatment with prednisone, alongside azathioprine for long-term control, was effective. To mitigate the risk of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, we added calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation. Remarkably, the patient showed significant clinical improvement within just 24 hours, with resolution of orbital and glandular symptoms over the following year. There was a complete recovery of vision and no relapses, with only minor dry eye as a long-term concern.
This case demonstrates the necessity of considering IgG4-RD even when serum IgG4 levels are normal and highlights the role of histopathology in diagnosis. Furthermore, it showcases the effectiveness of corticosteroids as a first-line treatment in managing this condition.
Interestingly, despite normal serum IgG4 levels, which were below 135 mg/dL, the clinical and imaging findings strongly suggested the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. This scenario underscores the importance of undertaking a biopsy for accurate diagnosis. Histopathological examination revealed notable signs, such as a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and storiform fibrosis, with a considerable percentage of IgG4-positive cells, ultimately confirming our diagnosis.
We observed that treatment with prednisone, alongside azathioprine for long-term control, was effective. To mitigate the risk of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, we added calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation. Remarkably, the patient showed significant clinical improvement within just 24 hours, with resolution of orbital and glandular symptoms over the following year. There was a complete recovery of vision and no relapses, with only minor dry eye as a long-term concern.
This case demonstrates the necessity of considering IgG4-RD even when serum IgG4 levels are normal and highlights the role of histopathology in diagnosis. Furthermore, it showcases the effectiveness of corticosteroids as a first-line treatment in managing this condition.
Read More
9
Calcitriol improves immune regulation
We examined the effects of calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D3, on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a model of rheumatoid arthritis. To do this, we induced arthritis in BALB/c mice and divided them into three groups: those without treatment, those treated with untreated MSCs, and those treated with calcitriol-exposed MSCs.
After conducting our experiments, we found that MSCs treated with calcitriol demonstrated improved regulatory functions and inhibited inflammatory responses more effectively than untreated MSCs. Specifically, we observed differences in the behavior of immune cells, with calcitriol-treated cells showing reduced levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, like INF-γ and IL-17, while increasing beneficial cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β.
These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may play an important role in moderating the immune response in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, potentially offering a pathway for more effective treatment options.
After conducting our experiments, we found that MSCs treated with calcitriol demonstrated improved regulatory functions and inhibited inflammatory responses more effectively than untreated MSCs. Specifically, we observed differences in the behavior of immune cells, with calcitriol-treated cells showing reduced levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, like INF-γ and IL-17, while increasing beneficial cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β.
These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may play an important role in moderating the immune response in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, potentially offering a pathway for more effective treatment options.
Read More
9
We aimed to understand how vitamin D3, specifically its active form 1,25(OH)D, affects autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a complex autoimmune disease that causes liver damage. Researchers focused on the role of a special type of immune cell known as dendritic cells (DCs), which are influenced by vitamin D3 to promote a more balanced immune response.
Through our investigation using a mouse model, we observed that injecting these vitamin D3-modulated dendritic cells, which overexpress a molecule called PD-L1, significantly lessened liver injury and severity of autoimmune hepatitis. This treatment appeared to correct the imbalance between two types of T cells: regulatory T cells (TFR) and follicular helper T cells (TFH).
By increasing the TFR population and restoring their balance with TFH cells, vitamin D3 treatment helped regulate this immune response. Additionally, the infusion boosted the production of anti-inflammatory substances while decreasing those linked to inflammation, suggesting a potential new avenue for treating autoimmune hepatitis. Overall, these findings indicate that vitamin D3-modulated dendritic cells could be a promising strategy for managing autoimmune conditions like AIH.
Through our investigation using a mouse model, we observed that injecting these vitamin D3-modulated dendritic cells, which overexpress a molecule called PD-L1, significantly lessened liver injury and severity of autoimmune hepatitis. This treatment appeared to correct the imbalance between two types of T cells: regulatory T cells (TFR) and follicular helper T cells (TFH).
By increasing the TFR population and restoring their balance with TFH cells, vitamin D3 treatment helped regulate this immune response. Additionally, the infusion boosted the production of anti-inflammatory substances while decreasing those linked to inflammation, suggesting a potential new avenue for treating autoimmune hepatitis. Overall, these findings indicate that vitamin D3-modulated dendritic cells could be a promising strategy for managing autoimmune conditions like AIH.
Read More
9
We investigated the effects of Vitamin D modulation on autoimmune prostatitis using a mouse model. In this study, we focused on how changes in gut microbiota influence the immune response, specifically looking at how vitamin D can help shift macrophage polarization—key players in the immune system—from a pro-inflammatory state (M1) to a more healing state (M2).
We observed that treatment with Eriocalyxin B (EriB), known for its anti-inflammatory properties, significantly reduced prostate inflammation in these mice. Our findings indicate that EriB not only altered the gut microbiome but also enhanced the absorption of vitamin D, contributing to a shift in macrophage phenotype. This suggests that the immune state of macrophages, altered through gut bacteria and vitamin D levels, plays a crucial role in managing autoimmune prostatitis.
Notably, fecal transplantation from EriB-treated mice resulted in a marked reduction in inflammatory markers and further supported the macrophage polarization effect. This is the first time we connected gut microbiota and vitamin D as pivotal factors in the treatment of autoimmune disorders like chronic prostatitis, highlighting a new therapeutic pathway. Overall, our research emphasizes the importance of vitamin D in modulating autoimmune responses through gut health.
We observed that treatment with Eriocalyxin B (EriB), known for its anti-inflammatory properties, significantly reduced prostate inflammation in these mice. Our findings indicate that EriB not only altered the gut microbiome but also enhanced the absorption of vitamin D, contributing to a shift in macrophage phenotype. This suggests that the immune state of macrophages, altered through gut bacteria and vitamin D levels, plays a crucial role in managing autoimmune prostatitis.
Notably, fecal transplantation from EriB-treated mice resulted in a marked reduction in inflammatory markers and further supported the macrophage polarization effect. This is the first time we connected gut microbiota and vitamin D as pivotal factors in the treatment of autoimmune disorders like chronic prostatitis, highlighting a new therapeutic pathway. Overall, our research emphasizes the importance of vitamin D in modulating autoimmune responses through gut health.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 6 Reviews
7.5
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Positive impact
15 people found this helpful
Good way to promote brain and eye health! I took two capsules daily during pregnancy and breastfeeding for adequate DHA for my baby. This supplement is recommended to decrease issues like allergies, eczema, and attention deficit disorders in children. I highly recommend this product.
Read More
9
Positive effect
7 people found this helpful
I ordered omega after positive reviews. It alleviated my lower abdomen pain and reduced tone during pregnancy. Omega develops the baby’s brain and has a positive effect on the fetus. I'm pleased the tight feeling in my skin has gone. I will continue taking omega.
Read More
2
Disappointing results
I have been taking these vitamins for four weeks with no effect. My hair is falling out, my skin hasn’t improved, and I feel no surge of vitality. I regret ordering such an ineffective product.
Read More
2
No noticeable effect
2 people found this helpful
I finished a whole jar but noticed no significant effect; my skin and hair remained dry. I hope my baby gained benefits, but I won’t order this again. No side effects were revealed.
Read More
0
Negative reaction
1 people found this helpful
I bought this while preparing for pregnancy, but it didn't suit me. Instead of benefitting my skin, it caused large subcutaneous tissue. I didn't realise this until I had already ordered a second jar. I hoped it would improve my skin, but it instead caused sore acne.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
2
Disappointing results
I have been taking these vitamins for four weeks with no effect. My hair is falling out, my skin hasn’t improved, and I feel no surge of vitality. I regret ordering such an ineffective product.
2
No noticeable effect
2 people found this helpful
I finished a whole jar but noticed no significant effect; my skin and hair remained dry. I hope my baby gained benefits, but I won’t order this again. No side effects were revealed.
9
Positive effect
7 people found this helpful
I ordered omega after positive reviews. It alleviated my lower abdomen pain and reduced tone during pregnancy. Omega develops the baby’s brain and has a positive effect on the fetus. I'm pleased the tight feeling in my skin has gone. I will continue taking omega.
9
Positive impact
15 people found this helpful
Good way to promote brain and eye health! I took two capsules daily during pregnancy and breastfeeding for adequate DHA for my baby. This supplement is recommended to decrease issues like allergies, eczema, and attention deficit disorders in children. I highly recommend this product.
2
Healthy baby
Hallelujah for this Omega! Despite having Covid and increased reactive protein during pregnancy, I continuously took omega 3 and D3. Despite doctors saying the dosage was too high, I chose to trust my instincts. I had a healthy baby and will continue taking omega 3 during breastfeeding.
0
Negative reaction
1 people found this helpful
I bought this while preparing for pregnancy, but it didn't suit me. Instead of benefitting my skin, it caused large subcutaneous tissue. I didn't realise this until I had already ordered a second jar. I hoped it would improve my skin, but it instead caused sore acne.
7
Vitamin D's role in muscle health
We investigated how vitamin D levels and its receptor in muscle tissue relate to autoimmune disorders like idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). By examining 46 patients alongside 67 healthy controls, we sought to understand the connection between vitamin D, muscle function, and disease symptoms.
Over the course of our research, we observed that patients with IIM had reduced levels of biologically active vitamin D in their blood. This suggests that these patients might struggle with how their bodies metabolize vitamin D. Interestingly, regular exercise appeared to modify the blood vitamin D levels and gene expression associated with its receptor and activation enzyme in muscle tissue.
Furthermore, we found that these vitamin D levels and receptor expression correlated with the physical fitness of the IIM patients, as well as with the muscle's lipid metabolism and various disease manifestations. This indicates that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels could potentially play a role in improving muscle health in those affected by autoimmune conditions.
Over the course of our research, we observed that patients with IIM had reduced levels of biologically active vitamin D in their blood. This suggests that these patients might struggle with how their bodies metabolize vitamin D. Interestingly, regular exercise appeared to modify the blood vitamin D levels and gene expression associated with its receptor and activation enzyme in muscle tissue.
Furthermore, we found that these vitamin D levels and receptor expression correlated with the physical fitness of the IIM patients, as well as with the muscle's lipid metabolism and various disease manifestations. This indicates that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels could potentially play a role in improving muscle health in those affected by autoimmune conditions.
9
Vitamin D3 mitigates autoimmune thyroiditis
Our research aimed to understand how vitamin D3 affects autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly in the context of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is characterized by low levels of vitamin D3 in patients. We induced a model of autoimmune thyroiditis in female mice and treated them with vitamin D3 to see if it could alleviate the symptoms of this condition.
After 8 weeks of treatment, we observed that vitamin D3 significantly improved the condition of the thyroid in these mice. The inflammation that commonly accompanies autoimmune thyroiditis decreased, and levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which indicate the severity of the disorder, also dropped. Notably, the application of vitamin D3 inhibited the activity of harmful immune cells while promoting the function of protective cells, providing a better balance in the immune response.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a promising strategy to manage autoimmune thyroiditis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation. This not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens up potential avenues for treatment in humans facing similar issues with autoimmune disorders.
After 8 weeks of treatment, we observed that vitamin D3 significantly improved the condition of the thyroid in these mice. The inflammation that commonly accompanies autoimmune thyroiditis decreased, and levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which indicate the severity of the disorder, also dropped. Notably, the application of vitamin D3 inhibited the activity of harmful immune cells while promoting the function of protective cells, providing a better balance in the immune response.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a promising strategy to manage autoimmune thyroiditis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation. This not only enhances our understanding of the disease but also opens up potential avenues for treatment in humans facing similar issues with autoimmune disorders.
9
Calcitriol improves immune regulation
We examined the effects of calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D3, on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a model of rheumatoid arthritis. To do this, we induced arthritis in BALB/c mice and divided them into three groups: those without treatment, those treated with untreated MSCs, and those treated with calcitriol-exposed MSCs.
After conducting our experiments, we found that MSCs treated with calcitriol demonstrated improved regulatory functions and inhibited inflammatory responses more effectively than untreated MSCs. Specifically, we observed differences in the behavior of immune cells, with calcitriol-treated cells showing reduced levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, like INF-γ and IL-17, while increasing beneficial cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β.
These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may play an important role in moderating the immune response in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, potentially offering a pathway for more effective treatment options.
After conducting our experiments, we found that MSCs treated with calcitriol demonstrated improved regulatory functions and inhibited inflammatory responses more effectively than untreated MSCs. Specifically, we observed differences in the behavior of immune cells, with calcitriol-treated cells showing reduced levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, like INF-γ and IL-17, while increasing beneficial cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β.
These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may play an important role in moderating the immune response in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, potentially offering a pathway for more effective treatment options.
8
In our exploration of vitamin D3's role in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), we conducted a thorough study using a large patient database to highlight how vitamin D deficiency affects those struggling with this condition.
We found that individuals with low levels of vitamin D, especially those below the threshold of 20 ng/mL, faced significantly worse health outcomes compared to their counterparts who had sufficient vitamin D levels. This included a staggering increase in the likelihood of all-cause mortality, hospitalizations, and even the need for liver transplants.
While the study set out to uncover the potential benefits of vitamin D3 treatment, it lacked the necessary details to isolate its direct effects. Despite confirming that vitamin D deficiency is linked to serious complications in AIH, we were unable to draw firm conclusions regarding how vitamin D3 treatment might specifically improve patient outcomes.
Overall, our findings signal a compelling call for further research into the benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation for individuals battling autoimmune diseases like AIH, paving the way for possibly critical health interventions.
We found that individuals with low levels of vitamin D, especially those below the threshold of 20 ng/mL, faced significantly worse health outcomes compared to their counterparts who had sufficient vitamin D levels. This included a staggering increase in the likelihood of all-cause mortality, hospitalizations, and even the need for liver transplants.
While the study set out to uncover the potential benefits of vitamin D3 treatment, it lacked the necessary details to isolate its direct effects. Despite confirming that vitamin D deficiency is linked to serious complications in AIH, we were unable to draw firm conclusions regarding how vitamin D3 treatment might specifically improve patient outcomes.
Overall, our findings signal a compelling call for further research into the benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation for individuals battling autoimmune diseases like AIH, paving the way for possibly critical health interventions.
8
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, influences autoimmune disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Through a rigorous analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials involving 1018 RA patients, we aimed to understand the nuances of EPA's effects on fatty acid distribution, inflammation, and disease activity.
Our findings showed that EPA significantly increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the body. More importantly, we observed a reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and a decrease in triglycerides, which are often elevated in individuals with RA. Additionally, patients experienced fewer tender joints, highlighting EPA’s potential in managing clinical symptoms.
However, while there was a notable reduction in markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, these changes were not statistically significant. This indicates that while EPA has beneficial effects, its role in significantly lowering inflammation markers remains uncertain.
Overall, this research presents promising evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid can have a positive impact on lipid profiles and joint symptoms for those suffering from RA, but further studies may be needed to fully understand its effectiveness on inflammation markers.
Our findings showed that EPA significantly increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the body. More importantly, we observed a reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and a decrease in triglycerides, which are often elevated in individuals with RA. Additionally, patients experienced fewer tender joints, highlighting EPA’s potential in managing clinical symptoms.
However, while there was a notable reduction in markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, these changes were not statistically significant. This indicates that while EPA has beneficial effects, its role in significantly lowering inflammation markers remains uncertain.
Overall, this research presents promising evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid can have a positive impact on lipid profiles and joint symptoms for those suffering from RA, but further studies may be needed to fully understand its effectiveness on inflammation markers.
References
- Vernerová L, Vokurková M, Laiferová NA, Nemec M, Špiritović M, et al. Vitamin D and its receptor in skeletal muscle are associated with muscle disease manifestation, lipid metabolism and physical fitness of patients with myositis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2025;27:48. doi:10.1186/s13075-025-03516-9
- Wang CM, Chen YJ, Yang BC, Yang JW, Wang W, et al. Supplementation with active vitamin D3 ameliorates experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice by modulating the differentiation and functionality of intrathyroidal T-cell subsets. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1528707. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1528707
- Mendoza-Vargas LÁ, Sevilla-Fuentes S, Bautista-Becerril B, Berthaúd-González B, Falfán-Valencia R, et al. IgG4-RD-Associated Mikulicz Syndrome Without Classic Systemic Involvement-A Case Report. J Clin Med. 2025;14. doi:10.3390/jcm14030958
- Rafati A, Ramezani R, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Bahrami S, Alvanegh AG, et al. Calcitriol Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulated Immune Response in Collagen-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in BALB/c Mice. Transplant Proc. 2025;57:355. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.12.020
- Kilani Y, Alsakarneh S, Madi MY, Mosquera DAG, Ferreira MN, et al. Autoimmune Hepatitis and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Nationwide Perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025;61:682. doi:10.1111/apt.18438
- Dai J, Song J, Chen X, Ding F, Ding Y, et al. 1,25(OH)D-treated mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells alleviate autoimmune hepatitis in mice by improving TFR/TFH imbalance. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2025;47:59. doi:10.1080/08923973.2024.2435314
- Wielińska J, Górna K, Świerkot J, Bugaj B, Kolossa K, et al. Polymorphic Variants in the Vitamin D Receptor and Clinical Parameters of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Undergoing Anti-TNF Treatment. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2024;72. doi:10.2478/aite-2024-0023
- Yu ZQ, Du HX, Gao S, Liang CZ. Eriocalyxin B ameliorated experimental autoimmune prostatitis via modulation of macrophage polarization through gut microbiota-mediated vitamin D alteration. Phytomedicine. 2024;135:156191. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156191
- Fondelli F, Willemyns J, Domenech-Garcia R, Mansilla MJ, Godoy-Tena G, et al. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor functionally restores tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. doi:10.1172/JCI178949
- Grove-Laugesen D, Ebbehoj E, Watt T, Hansen KW, Rejnmark L. Changes in bone density and microarchitecture following treatment of Graves' disease and the effects of vitamin D supplementation. A randomized clinical trial. Osteoporos Int. 2024;35:2153. doi:10.1007/s00198-024-07241-y
- Zhang Q, He X, Chen W, Jiu J, Gao C, et al. Vitamin D3 attenuates autoimmune thyroiditis by regulating Th17/Treg cell differentiation via YAP/JAK1/STAT1 axis. Immunol Lett. 2024;269:106890. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106890
- Rodi M, de Lastic AL, Panagoulias I, Aggeletopoulou I, Kelaidonis K, et al. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 Mannan Conjugate Induces Human T-Cell Tolerance and Can Be Used as a Personalized Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms25116092
- Maghbooli Z, Shirvani A, Moghadasi AN, Varzandi T, Hamtaei Ghashti S, et al. Investigating the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial- a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;87:105673. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105673
- Fasihi M, Samimi-Badabi M, Robat-Jazi B, Bitarafan S, Moghadasi AN, et al. Immunoregulatory Effects of the Active Form of Vitamin D (Calcitriol), Individually and in Combination with Curcumin, on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2024;23:138. doi:10.2174/0118715230293847240314073359
- Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Vitamin D. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms25063154
- Qu F, Zhang M, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Qu J, et al. An ultra-sensitive and high-throughput trapping-micro-LC-MS method for quantification of circulating vitamin D metabolites and application in multiple sclerosis patients. Sci Rep. 2024;14:5545. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55939-0
- Szczuko M, Kacprzak J, Przybylska A, Szczuko U, Pobłocki J, et al. The Influence of an Anti-Inflammatory Gluten-Free Diet with EPA and DHA on the Involvement of Maresin and Resolvins in Hashimoto's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms252111692
- Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
- Jannas-Vela S, Candia AA, Peñailillo L, Barrios-Troncoso P, Zapata-Urzúa J, et al. Role of specialized pro-resolving mediators on inflammation, cardiometabolic health, disease progression, and quality of life after omega-3 PUFA supplementation and aerobic exercise training in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized 16-week, placebo-controlled interventional trial. F1000Res. 2023;12:942. doi:10.12688/f1000research.138392.1
- Liu A, Li Z, Zeng J, Peng Y, Wang S, et al. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alleviates systemic lupus erythematosus by suppressing autoimmunity in a murine model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;126:111299. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111299
- Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
- Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, Cook NR, Stevens E, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;190:102542. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542
- Ghasemi Darestani N, Bahrami A, Mozafarian MR, Esmalian Afyouni N, Akhavanfar R, et al. Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14214627
- Gkiouras K, Grammatikopoulou MG, Myrogiannis I, Papamitsou T, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:16. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104210
- Hassanshahi G, Noroozi Karimabad M, Jebali A. The therapeutic effect of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils and its efficacy to attenuate inflammation in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial phase I. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;362:577768. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577768
- Thérien A, Cieślak A, Verreault M, Perreault M, Trottier J, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: A Pharmaco-Nutraceutical Approach to Improve the Responsiveness to Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Nutrients. 2021;13. doi:10.3390/nu13082617
- Kobayashi A, Ito A, Shirakawa I, Tamura A, Tomono S, et al. Dietary Supplementation With Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits Plasma Cell Differentiation and Attenuates Lupus Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2021;12:650856. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.650856
- Gorczyca D, Szponar B, Paściak M, Czajkowska A, Szmyrka M. Serum levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with disease activity: a pilot study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2022;51:230. doi:10.1080/03009742.2021.1923183
- Fan Z, Ross RP, Stanton C, Hou B, Zhao J, et al. CCFM1074 Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats Balancing Treg/Th17 and Modulating the Metabolites and Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol. 2021;12:680073. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.680073
- Song J, Sun R, Zhang Y, Ke J, Zhao D. Serum resolvin E1 levels and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a preliminary study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21:66. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00730-9
- Oner F, Alvarez C, Yaghmoor W, Stephens D, Hasturk H, et al. Resolvin E1 Regulates Th17 Function and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:637983. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.637983
- Gilley KN, Fenton JI, Zick SM, Li K, Wang L, et al. Serum fatty acid profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and patient reported outcomes: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology & Surveillance (MILES) Program. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1459297. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459297
- Su Y, Han Y, Choi HS, Lee GY, Cho HW, et al. Lipid mediators obtained from docosahexaenoic acid by soybean lipoxygenase attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;171:116153. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116153
- Wang M, Rajkumar S, Lai Y, Liu X, He J, et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures as local perpetuators of organ-specific immune injury: implication for lupus nephritis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1204777. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204777
- Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Galván A, Valdelvira ME, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2024;124:109497. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109497
- Léger T, Brun A, Lanchais K, Rigaudière JP, Briat A, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and etanercept could reduce functional and metabolic alterations during collagen-induced arthritis in rats without any synergistic effect. Life Sci. 2023;327:121826. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121826
- Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, et al. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:666. doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2
- Jeong M, Shin JI, Cho J, Jeon YJ, Kim JH, et al. DHA Induces Cell Death through the Production of ROS and the Upregulation of CHOP in Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells from Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24. doi:10.3390/ijms24021734
- Kim JS, Soto-Diaz K, Bingham TW, Steelman AJ, Das A. Role of omega-3 endocannabinoids in the modulation of T-cell activity in a multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Biol Chem. 2023;299:102886. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102886
- Xie R, Zhang Y. Association between 19 dietary fatty acids intake and rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a nationwide survey. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;188:102530. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102530
- Wierenga KA, Riemers FM, Westendorp B, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Single cell analysis of docosahexaenoic acid suppression of sequential LPS-induced proinflammatory and interferon-regulated gene expression in the macrophage. Front Immunol. 2022;13:993614. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.993614
